salmonella enterica transmission

In this study, both internally and externally contaminated M. quadrilineatus and M. persicae insects were able to transmit S. enterica to noninoculated leaves or liquid diets. 7). We do not retain these email addresses. Transmission is an essential stage of a pathogen's life cycle and remains poorly understood. For example, phytophagous insects can move bacterial cells to the abaxial side of the leaf, containing higher densities of stomata, which are entry points used by bacteria to gain access and penetrate lettuce leaves (35, 36). While fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are common, the clinical presentation varies, including mild and atypical infections. However, at high population densities, insects can also come into contact with honeydew or droplets released on the plant surface (37). Localization and persistence of Salmonella enterica in or within phytophagous hemipterans. (2020). However, higher survival rates have been observed on leaves cocolonized with plant pathogens (10, 11, 12). The metadata of 1431 . The clone in the United States was introduced from Europe on multiple occasions in the early 2000s. (28) suggested that the honeydew in aphid-infested lettuce plants could have attracted filth flies (Muscidae and Calliphoridae) from rangelands that contained fresh cattle manure or composting operations to leafy green fields. The nutritional value of honeydew, and the copious amount that is excreted by phytophagous hemipterans, suggests that populations of S. enterica on the leaf surface might benefit from an infestation of those insects and their associated excreta. Furthermore, all leafhoppers, and some aphids, forcibly direct droplets of their excrement (honeydew) away from themselves, in order to prevent self-contamination (37) and possibly to disorient predators. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi H58, an antimicrobial-resistant lineage, is globally disseminated but has not been reported in Latin America. Internalization and movement of S. enterica within plant tissues, including the vascular system (2, 36, 47), suggest that phloem feeding insects could potentially acquire the pathogen while feeding on the vascular tissues of S. enterica-colonized plants. It poses the most significant threat to immunocompromised hosts because it faces little colonization resistance from the host immune system. Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34 between Europe and the United States. In the case of M. quadrilineatus, the highest transmission rate was observed when insects acquired S. enterica from inoculated leaves and transmitted it to noninoculated leaves after either 12- or 24-h IAPs (Fig. Lasky (39) defined a vector, with respect to food safety, as “a living carrier that serves as a vehicle of transmission of an infectious agent, but not necessarily as the reservoir, and facilitates exposure of a host to the pathogen.” In the case of plant pathogens, vectors are loosely defined as organisms that can introduce a pathogen into a plant to cause infection, by carrying the pathogen internally or externally (40). Even-aged cohorts of adult insects were used in all experiments, and only apterous adult M. persicae insects were included in experiments. To investigate the potential for phytophagous insects to ingest S. enterica acquired from contaminated plants, adult M. quadrilineatus and M. persicae insects were allowed to feed on leaf discs (4-mm diameter) excised from S. enterica-inoculated lettuce (∼104 CFU/mm2) for a 24-h acquisition access period (AAP). Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas. Contrastingly, at the same time point, a significantly higher proportion of S. enterica-positive honeydew samples was detected when M. quadrilineatus insects were fed a noninoculated liquid diet confined in Parafilm sachets (Fig. We describe here a model in which persistently infected 129X1/SvJ mice provide a natural model of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium transmission. Most human cases are foodborne; however, nonfoodborne Salmonella infection may be transmitted during contact with animals, contaminated water, or the environment (3 – 9). These experiments were repeated 4 times, and 90 M. persicae and 169 M. quadrilineatus insects were examined. Information on recent international travel was obtained for 22/28 of US isolates from humans, 2 of whom had traveled (1 to the Philippines and the other to France [S. Meyer et al., Minnesota Department of Health, pers. Additionally, multiple studies have shown that Salmonella spp. These inoculum concentrations are equivalent to the bacterial concentration in contaminated manure (28) and lower than the inoculum used in similar studies (23, 29, 30). In recent years, an increase in human S. Javiana infection has been reported from the southern part of the United States. ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology. Both internally and externally contaminated insects may increase the risk of dispersal of the pathogen within or among plants. Contamination of fresh produce most likely occurs prior to crop harvest due to the presence and long-term persistence of S. enterica in the environment and the recurrent introduction of the pathogen in agricultural production areas (5, 6). Figure 1. Elnekave E, Hong SL, Lim S, et al. The probability of harboring most predominant acquired antimicrobial resistance genes (AARGs) conferring the resistance phenotypes described above was significantly higher for sequences of US isolates (odds ratio 2.37–26.05; Table). Salmonella Enteritidis is a rod-shaped, gram-negative, proteobacteria that is non-motile [Figure 4]. To test if contaminated insects could transmit S. enterica to plants, adult M. quadrilineatus and M. persicae insects were allowed to feed on inoculated leaf discs for a 12-h AAP and then transferred to new, sterile microcentrifuge tubes and allowed access to two consecutive noninoculated leaf discs for a total of a 24-h IAP. However, there were no significant differences between the proportions of samples that were only positive for either honeydew (24-h AAP or 24- and 48-h IAP) or insect homogenate. Novel 6-Month Treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis, United States, 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines, Israel, More articles on Antimicrobial Resistance, https://animaldrugsatfda.fda.gov/adafda/views/#/home/previewsearch/141-068, Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica Subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- Sequence Type 34 between Europe and the United States, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Elnekave E, Hong SL, Lim S, Boxrud D, Rovira A, Mather AE, et al. The 6 sequences from Europe were recovered from human sources; among sequences from the United States, 28 were from humans, 5 from food products, 6 from livestock, and 3 from other sources. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. In the United States, more than 9 million cases of food-borne illness are caused each year by consumption of contaminated food (1). In a similar set of experiments, insects were fed for a 24-h AAP on S. enterica-inoculated liquid diet and two consecutive noninoculated liquid diets, and at the end of each inoculation access period (24- and 48-h IAP), the corresponding liquid diets were sampled and the percentage of noninoculated liquid diets positive for S. enterica was determined. Excretion of ingested S. enterica onto leaves could further represent an important mechanism of transmission. Additionally, excretion of S. enterica from adult insects was tested following similar procedures. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica can be separated into more than 2400 antigenically different serovars and the pathogenicity of most of these serovars is unspecified. Mather), University of East Anglia, Norwich (A.E. This result was reflected by the high proportion of double-positive samples (homogenate and diets) and the low proportion of samples in which only the leaf disc or liquid diet was positive for S. enterica but the corresponding insect homogenate was negative. With this study, we aimed to reconstruct a time-scaled phylogeny of the emerging ST34 clade by using a Bayesian modeling approach to determine its origin in United States. S. enterica distribution on the leaf surface is altered by insect feeding, excretion, and movement (dashed line) behavior. Salmonella can cause various diseases, such as food poisoning, gastrointestinal inflammation, typhoid fever, and sepsis.The CDC estimates that every year in the United States about 1.2 million people are infected with Salmonella, 23,000 need hospital … Vertical transmission occurs in birds, with contamination of the vitelline membrane, albumen and possibly the yolk of eggs. S. enterica can adhere to various structures of the exoskeleton and mouthparts of the insects but can also be ingested. Salmonella can pass through the entire food chain from animal feed, primary production, and all the way to households or food-service establishments and institutions. This work was supported by the Global Food Venture-MnDRIVE Initiative, the National Institute of Food and Agriculture (Animal Health Formula Fund project MIN-62-091) of the US Department of Agriculture, the Rapid Agricultural Response Fund, and the Swine Disease Eradication Center at the University of Minnesota. This work was partially supported by USDA-Hatch grant WIS01574 and the Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison. 3A and B). No significant differences were found among replications of the overall experiments; thus, means from all the replicates of each experiment were combined. Although Salmonella is most often spread when a person eats contaminated food, the bacteria also can be passed between people and animals. Leaf discs and liquid diets were placed and confined, respectively, inside the cap of sterile microcentrifuge tubes and were used to feed individual Macrosteles quadrilineatus and Myzus persicae. A recent outbreak investigation of sources of S. Wangata recovered isolates from humans, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment. To determine if S. enterica transmissions, excretions, and localizations are similar among phytophagous hemipterans, we conducted the same matched-pair analysis for M. persicae insects fed inoculated liquid diets for 24 h and subsequently transferred to 2 consecutive noninoculated leaf discs (see Table S1 in the supplemental material). We thank staff members from the Minnesota Department of Health Foodborne, Waterborne, Vectorborne, and Zoonotic Diseases Section for providing the travel history records and for their advice on this work. Our findings highlight the utility of enhanced genomic surveillance for typhoid fever in this region. can attach, survive, and even replicate in or on confinement insects (42). Phytophagous insects can also increase the probability that S. enterica is placed on or near sources of nutrients such as wounds, trichomes, cuticle cracks, or insect feeding sites, contributing to the persistence of the bacteria on the leaf surface (4, 13). 2A and B). The mechanisms and associated pathways of transmission of the pathogen may have included one or a combination of transport routes on body parts and deposition of contaminated oral secretions or honeydew. In an ongoing set of replicated experiments, an approximate 2-log increase in concentrations of S. enterica was observed when the bacterial suspension was amended with honeydew collected from M. quadrilineatus and cultured overnight (J. P. Soto-Arias, unpublished data). Outbreaks of disease associated with food imported into the United States, 1996–2014. Salmonella sp. However, the sources and routes of transmission of this Salmonella serotype are not well understood. Overall, after being fed either inoculated leaf discs or liquid diets, insects were washed and homogenized to dislodge and recover S. enterica externally attached and internalized, respectively. Experiments were repeated 3 times, and Myzus persicae (n = 72) and Macrosteles quadrilineatus (n = 71) insects were examined. 2. Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium can cause infections in humans and animals. 4B). This approach is commonly applied as a normal approximation on paired, nominal data expressed as a dichotomous trait, with matched pairs of subjects, and designed to determine whether marginal detection frequencies are equal. Experiments were repeated 4 times, and honeydew samples from Myzus persicae (n = 90) and Macrosteles quadrilineatus (n = 169) insects were examined. For example, Pantoea stewartii and Erwinia tracheiphila are transmitted by the corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria) and the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum), respectively, which deposit bacteria-contaminated frass into feeding wounds (19, 20). Synanthropic and coprophagic insects are recognized as vectors of human enteric pathogens, and many have been implicated in not just the dispersal but also in the survival and multiplication of S. enterica (42). To determine its origin in the United States, we reconstructed a time-scaled phylogeny with a discrete trait geospatial model. Thus, the main objective of this study was to investigate the potential acquisition, retention, and transmission of S. enterica by these phytophagous hemipteran insects. Increasing antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal. Transmission experiments in which insects acquired the pathogen from either inoculated leaves or synthetic liquid diets showed that both M. quadrilineatusand M. persicaeinsects could acquire and transmit the pathogen for up to 48 h following acquisition (Fig. Appendix 2 . 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